IBC Tote Frequently Asked Questions

IBC is an acronym that stands for intermediate bulk container, so called because an IBC’s cargo capacity is in between (intermediate) in volume compared to other liquid handling and shipping containers. IBCs have a storage volume that is greater than standard shipping drums and less than large intermodal shipping containers. This allows an IBC to carry more cargo than drums and less than intermodal containers, and with an engineering that makes IBCs much easier to handle, move, and unload than both.

The most common IBC container sizes by volume and capacity are the 275 gallon and 330 gallon sized IBCs. These volumes are often chosen as they provide more transport capacity while occupying the same space as a pallet of 55 gallon drums. IBCs are often selected as drum replacement options in logistic networks and for direct integration in applications and production operations due to the various benefits an IBC offers.

For logistics, product handling, and delivery, replacing drum pallets with IBC tanks, can effectively:

• Reduce load times (both containers and trucks)
• Increase shipping efficiency (use less truck space with IBC one-pallet-footprint and stacking ability)
• Increase worker efficiency (one IBC is filled vs multiple drums; no drum-pallet loading)
• Speed up product delivery (IBCs feature quick disconnect discharge valves)
• Integrate into production lines (IBCs are stackable, pump and hose compatible, and have multi-directional access)
• Increase container longevity and service-life (IBC engineering tends to be more durable and longer lasting)

The poly composite caged IBC tote is available in three product types: new, rebottled, and reconditioned. Pricing for these product types differs with new IBCs the most expensive, followed by rebottled (re-bladdered), and with the least expensive being reconditioned.

• New IBCs have never been used before, making them suitable for all, compatible applications. Costs for new poly totes often start around $400 and up.
• Rebottled IBCs, also called re-bladdered IBCs, have a brand new plastic container with a used pallet frame. A rebottled IBC is suitable for the same applications as a new IBC but with some wear to the frame and/or pallet base. Costs for re-bladdered poly totes often start around $300 and up.
• Reconditioned IBCs, also called used IBCs, are previously used IBC totes that have been cleaned, inspected, and certified for continued use. As the inner container has seen previous service, a used IBC should not be used for potable water or other high-purity type applications. Costs for reconditioned poly totes often start around $200 and up.

For more on the poly composite caged IBC tote, conditions, costs, and uses, read our articles on Used IBCs and IBCs for Home Use.

According to the US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in Title 49 Subtitle B Chapter I Subchapter C Part 178 Subpart N, intermediate bulk containers have a standardized volume range for UN/DOT permitting between 119 gallons to 793 gallons (450 liters to 3000 liters). IBC Tanks® specializes in UN/DOT approved IBC containers with volumes between 120 gallons up to 550 gallons. Metal IBCs with 793 gallon capacities are available on request.

Maneuverability – Integrated pallet base platform and combination lifting lugs (some models) allows the complete IBC container to be easily moved, organized, loaded and unloaded for transport, and warehoused by forklift, pallet jack, or hoist equipment.

Storage Volume – Often available from 110 gallons to 550 gallons, this range of storage volumes options allows an IBC to be selected by capacity to best match a company’s work applications or shipping needs.

Cargo Compatibility – Robust engineering and several manufacturing material options allows an IBC to be selected based on the best compatibility with the container’s intended cargo. High density polyethylene (HDPE), composite, stainless steel, and carbon steel provide several choice options to best match the IBC’s cargo.

Reusability – Selective design features, manufacturing materials, and intentional engineering promotes and allows the reusability of intermediate bulk containers. All IBC types are built to be reused with suitability varying on cargo.

Filling Ease – Lids, caps, and drum covers that are easy to remove, replace, and torque makes an IBC container easy to fill with cargo, especially compared to 55 gallon drums. Many IBC models also feature a bungs or bungs, a fusible vent/cap, or a center screw cap that can be used as filling apertures, further improving the easy fill feature of IBCs.

Draining Ease – Built-in discharge valves and a sloping container bottom makes accessing an IBC tote tank’s cargo quick, efficient, and limits product loss through spills and residual product (heel). Most IBCs feature a quick connect style ball valve that allows simple product flow control and can be used with a camlock quick connect/disconnect coupler.

The following are some common advantages and benefits to IBC containers:

• Consistent product packaging
• Reliable product containerization
• Improved payload security
• Improved product distribution
• Hands-free discharge and transfer
• Sanitary product transfer
• Eliminate container spills and product loss
• Increased logistic handling and mobility
• Large volume, self-contained tank
• Easy to transport, maneuver, relocate
• Multi-directional movement access
• Limit contamination concerns
• Limit cross-contamination concerns
• Food grade storage and safety
• Restricts pollutant infiltration
• Space-saving cubical engineering
• Volume maximizing design
• Large capacity range
• Standardized dimensions
• Increased product safety
• Application versatility
• Long service potential
• Reusable, cleanable, recyclable
• Excellent cost-to-service life ratio
• Integration within process streams
• Improve logistics efficiency
• International use, standards and regulations
• International dimensions and acceptance
• Improve handling timelines
• Reduce bottlenecks and delays
• Reduce filling/dispensing times
• Increase worker efficiency
• Reduce operation costs

Intermediate bulk containers can improve a company’s workstream through various advantages provided by the engineered design of an IBC. Common points in company logistics and work activities that IBC containers can improve include:

Cargo Consolidation: By providing a range of volume capacities, and in many use cases a greater storage volume compared to current shipping equipment, intermediate bulk containers can increase the amount of cargo that can be shipped at one time and/or allow bulk cargo quantities to be consolidated into a single container. Both advantages can save company costs and improve the time and effort required by related work activities. Comparatively, a pallet of 55 gallon drums only provides 220 gallons of total volume and often must be secured, while a single 330 gallon IBC occupies the same area and provides 1.5x more cargo capacity in a secure, UN/DOT approved container.

Cargo Versatility: Intermediate bulk containers, being manufactured from robust materials – high-density polyethylene, stainless steel, and carbon steel – provide a range of options to ensure compatibility with the various cargo commodities handled, shipped, and used across industries and companies. This means an IBC container can likely be used with a company’s product cargo, chemicals, or materials. In many cases, the IBC tote can be cleaned, tested, and recertified for reuse with different payload materials as needed.

Container Reusability: Intermediate bulk containers are made from long-lasting materials and engineered for durability and reusability. Depending on the compatibility and corrosive characteristics of the IBC’s payload, an IBC container can potentially provide many years of service with many successful shipments and service trips. A long-term reusable commodity handling and shipping container such as an IBC tote can result in significant cost savings for a company over the container’s useful life.

Cargo Protection: Intermediate bulk containers are UN/DOT approved shipping vessels. This means IBC containers meet federal and national requirements for the safe, secure shipment and handling of cargo and materials that could be hazardous to humans and the environment. To meet these safety standard requirements, IBCs must be engineered, manufactured, and tested for quality assurance and compliance with the expectations to ensure no cargo will be lost, spilled, or otherwise released during handling.

Limit Product Loss: IBC containers provide a top fill port with lid and pressure-relief, sloping container bottoms, and a built-in 2” ball valve with quick connect capabilities. These features improve the release of cargo from the IBC container, limiting the amount of leftover product and essentially lost during handling, transfer, and use. These features also limit the possibility of spills, accidents, and potential worker exposure.

Loading / Unloading Times: Intermediate bulk containers feature a palletized engineering with a built-in pallet platform base. The pallet platform allows IBCs and their accompanying cargo to be directly maneuvered by forklifts and pallet jacks. This eliminates the need to transfer products between containers, the need to wrap pallets in plastic, or otherwise secure the shipment. This allows the use of an IBC to dramatically improve a company’s loading and unloading times.

Handling: The pallet style engineering of intermediate bulk containers allows for ease of handling as required for company applications, shipment, and logistic operations. Some IBC container models, (Megatainer, Ultratainer, carbon steel, and stainless steel IBCs), also feature integrated lifting lugs and eyelets that allow the IBC to be top-lifted by hoist equipment such as cranes or vehicles such as helicopters.

Direct Integration: The collective engineering design of intermediate bulk containers allows them to be directly integrated into a company’s applications and work operations. The IBC’s built-in release valve, stacking ability, and maneuverability allows cargo materials to be directly drawn from the IBC and allows an IBC to be positioned and connected as necessary for use such as in gravity feed applications. This can eliminate the need to transfer cargo or use temporary containers and can overall reduce operation costs and improve work efficiency.

Intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) are cube shaped for three main reasons: capacity, organization, and transport.

Capacity: a cubical, box-like shape provides a greater volume capacity per space for increased storage capabilities, especially when compared to cylindrical shaped containers such as steel drums. An IBC’s cube shape means more material can be stored in less space, conserving space and improving workflow capabilities.

Organization: an IBC’s cube shape improves the container’s ability to be organized within many common workplace settings and conditions. The cubical shape allows an IBC to be easily organized with other IBCs, equipment, within warehouse shelves, and in transport vehicles. The cube shape also allows an IBC to be safely and securely stacked.

Transport: Related to the previous two points, an IBC’s cube shape improves the container’s transport efficiency and effectiveness when being shipped or moved by a vehicle.

This question applies to plastic IBC totes only. The short answer is yes, IBC totes are UV resistant. Plastic IBC totes are fabricated with an ultraviolet (UV) stabilizing compound that is blended into and throughout the base polyethylene resin prior to manufacture of the intermediate bulk container product. The UV stabilizing compound acts as a kind of sunscreen for the plastic IBC, absorbing the ultraviolet energy, dissipating the energy as heat, and protecting the IBC from damage.

Without ultraviolet inhibitors, the polyethylene plastic that IBCs are made from would experience what is known as photo-degradation. Photo-degradation is the breakdown of a material, in this case polyethylene, due to light exposure. Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is an example of a chemical that experiences photo-degradation. In the case of polyethylene, ultraviolet energy in sunlight will cleave the chemical bonds of the polymer material, weakening the material more and more over time, unless UV stabilizers have been added to inhibit the process.

Ultraviolet inhibitors greatly decrease and prolong the effects of photo-degradation, allowing a polyethylene product such as an IBC to last and be safe for use outdoors much longer than it would be otherwise.

What this then implies is that plastic IBC totes are not UV-proof but UV-resistant. Eventually, the UV inhibitors will degrade from use and exposure and no longer provide successful sunlight protection. However, a plastic IBC will be able to withstand 1000’s of hours of direct sunlight exposure before the UV stabilizers lose their effectiveness.

For any and all plastic IBC tote tanks that will be kept, used, and transported outdoors, it is always best to limit the amount of direct sunlight the IBC receives, even if UV stabilized. Protecting against and limiting the duration of direct sunlight is the best way to extend the useful service life of your intermediate bulk container.

IBC tote containers are made from FDA approved, food grade polyethylene plastic resin. This is different from the IBC tote itself being food grade. For an IBC tote to be considered food grade, the base polyethylene resin must meet additional FDA Title 21 CFR requirements and the individual components, such as gaskets, valves, and fittings, must be food grade certified components.

Being made from FDA approved, food grade plastic means the IBC will not breakdown and/or release any materials into water, plants, or animals that the IBC is being used for. IBC totes must be made from this quality grade plastic in order to meet ANSI/NSF Standard 61 requirements, certifying the IBC for potable water and potable water applications.

Yes, IBC totes are BPA free and to the best of our knowledge have always been. Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an additive chemical compound more common in polycarbonate plastic products and has seen a large phase-out and reduction in use in the USA.

Yes, IBC containers are available with large openings on the top that improve access to the tote’s inner tank as needed for select applications. Large opening IBCs are available for rigid plastic polyethylene totes and metal intermediate bulk containers made from stainless steel and carbon steel.

An IBC tote should be cleaned and rinsed before first use to remove any residual materials from manufacturing. This is especially recommended if the IBC tote will be used to hold and provide water that will be used for drinking or food production.

While brand new IBC totes are newly manufactured and have never seen service before, it is recommended to clean and/or sanitize an IBC before use. This is especially true if the intended cargo for the IBC will be potable water, a consumable material or ingredient, is of high purity, or if the IBC will be used in the production of food or beverages.

Brand new IBCs may have manufacturing residue or dust leftover in the container that should be rinsed out before use. To ensure cleanliness of the container prior to a food-grade, high-purity use, the IBC should be rinsed, cleaned, and chemically sanitized. Bleach, (sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl) is recommended for chemical sanitization, following the manufacturer’s guidelines for creating a disinfecting solution. After sanitizing, the IBC should be receive a final rinse with potable water.

Cleaning requirements for an IBC tote may depend on the previous cargo the tote carried and any standards or requirements in place by the select industry, company, or intended application. In general, and for basic consumers, an IBC tote can be cleaned with a detergent (soap) or other suitable cleaner and/or disinfectant and with using potable water. A soft-bristle scrub brush on a reach pole and high-pressure water such as from a power washer are recommended.

Many times, a sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution is used as the disinfectant cleaner for sanitizing and cleaning the IBC tote interior. If bleach is used, use simple bleach without additives and ensure to follow the manufacturer’s directions for making a bleach / water disinfection solution.

If a detergent is used, follow the manufacturer’s directions (if provided) for making a cleaning solution.

Step 1: Move the IBC tote to a clean area that is easy to access the tote and allows water to wash away without the tote being dirtied during the cleaning process.

Step 2: Use a power washer to clean and rinse out the IBC tote of any leftover, residual product. Alternate between having the drain valve open and closed to flush rinse the valve also.

Step 3: Use a soft-bristle brush and reach pole with the cleaning solution (soap or bleach) to scrub the IBC interior, also cleaning the drain valve in both opened and closed positions.

Step 4: Use a power washer to rinse away the cleaning solution. Keep the drain valve open to flush the tank and valve. Perform a rinse 2 to 3 times or as needed to ensure all cleaners have been flushed and draining water is clean and clear.

Step 5: Allow IBC to air-dry. This may take a couple hours and is best done in an area where particles or other matter will not make it inside the tote due to nearby activities if such contamination is a concern for the IBC’s future cargo. After the tote is dry, it is now ready for use.

Metal IBCs and the Wide Mouth Ultratainer IBC are the best IBC models for cleaning and container access to the inner tank. Both IBC types feature a large diameter manway up to 22 inches and the inner cargo tank has been intentionally engineered with rounded corners that eliminates edges where stored product could otherwise get stuck. The wide mouth manway and rounded inner tank makes and cleaning much easier in these IBC tote models.

Plastic IBC totes and steel metal IBCs may be acceptable for recycling given they meet select cleanliness standards. Plastic IBCs are made from high-density polyethylene, HDPE, a thermoplastic, which can be broken down, melted, and reused. Metal IBC tanks – carbon and stainless steel – are iron-based alloy containers that similarly can be melted down for reuse.

Most IBC tote tanks come fitted with an EPDM material gasket, standard. The second gasket material option most frequently requested and used is Viton (FKM). Additional gasket material options are available on request and include Teflon (PTFE), Santoprene, White EPDM, Teflon Coated White EPDM, Buna (Nitrile), and Silicone.

Intermediate bulk containers come standard with a 2” NPT ball valve. Most are glass-filled polypropylene, male quick connect valves that allow use with a cam action coupler. Metal IBCs feature a 316 stainless steel, 2” ball valve. The standard IBC outlet valve can be replaced with a non-standard valve size, different valve manufacturing material, different connection and/or closure options on request.

The difference between food grade and non food grade IBCs is in the composition and FDA approval of the select materials used in the fabrication and assemblage of the intermediate bulk container. IBC containers themselves are not and cannot be FDA approved, but their construction materials can be. Such materials include caps and lids, gaskets and seals, valves, and the main tank fabrication material. These components can be manufactured and selected in full compliance with FDA Title 21 CFR 177.1520, 177.2600, 178.2010, and 178.3297. When these components comply with the additional CFR regulations, the IBC tote can be considered FDA compliant for food grade applications.

Materials manufactured in compliance with the additional FDA Title 21 CFR rules often have a larger production cost and therefore, a food grade IBC will cost more than a non food grade IBC.

To summarize, a food grade IBC differs from a non food grade IBC in its select materials of manufacture, which comply with additional FDA CFR requirements, and will have a higher purchase cost.

If you are in the United States: most likely we can ship to your location. IBC Tanks® is an industry leading authority and provider of intermediate bulk containers. We have a U.S. nationwide distribution network and are capable of shipping almost anywhere in the continental United States. We have received order requests for customers in Canada, if this is you, contact us and we will see if shipping arrangements can be made.

IBC tote shipping costs are highly variable and dependent on the IBC’s FOB location, your location as the customer, the IBC type and weight, and the total number of IBCs being ordered. Due to the size and weight of intermediate bulk containers, they must be shipped via LTL or FTL freight carrier services and cannot be shipped flat-rate through USPS, UPS, or Fed-Ex services. This adds another variable that can affect total IBC shipping cost. Cost of shipping is often very specific to the order.

Our site features a shipping cost estimator built-into the shopping cart and order preview page. To estimate your shipping costs, simply add the IBC totes you wish to order, proceed to the shopping cart, add your location, and an approximate shipping rate will be calculated. For further quote inquiries, details on wholesale IBCs and FTL rates, contact us.

How quickly an IBC can be delivered once ordered will depend on the specific order details and any potential lead time on the IBC tote product. Order details such as shipping point of origin (FOB, which differs for different IBC types), the distance from where the IBC is shipped to where it will be delivered, and the quantity of IBCs being ordered. The further the IBC or IBCs have to travel, the longer order fulfillment will take. On average and depending on tote type, orders may take longer to fulfill when more IBCs are ordered at one time.

The likelihood of lead time on an IBC tote product can also affect how quickly an order can be delivered. Many intermediate bulk containers are manufactured after an order is placed. This is due to the originality of the product as well as the frequency that custom IBCs are needed to meet the specific needs of an application or chemical. The commonly used poly caged IBC tote often has the shortest lead time if any.

Due to these details and that IBCs must be shipped via freight transit, IBC tote products can take anywhere from 2 to 12 weeks, on average, (this includes lead time), to be delivered once ordered.

For IBC totes and orders that are needed ASAP, contact our support staff and we will see if arrangements can be made for IBC delivery as soon as possible.

There is often a lead time for IBC tote orders due to variations in supply chain, variations in demands, and other socio-political influences. Whether or not there will be a lead time and its length will depend on current IBC stock, select IBC model, material availability, and potential manufacturer backlog. Approximate lead times can range from 2 to 10 weeks. If lead time is a concern or to inquire on current IBC lead times, contact us.

Poly caged intermediate bulk containers often have the best availability and shortest lead time, if any, due to their lower cost, high demand, and regular use.

IBC Tanks® is located in the United States. Our main client focus are companies, businesses, state and local governments, municipalities and utilities, contractors, and individuals in North America.

Our shipping network spans the continental U.S. with FOB locations in California (CA), Florida (FL), Iowa (IA), Michigan (MI), Mississippi (MS), Missouri (MO), Nebraska (NE), Oregon (OR), and Texas (TX).

The volume capacity range for intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) is standardized according to guidelines and regulations outlined in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). According to the U.S. CFR, intermediate bulk containers have an allowable volume range between 119 gallons (450 liters) up to 793 gallons (3000 liters) while maintaining UN/DOT shipping approval.

IBCs made from polyethylene plastic often have a volume range between 120 gallons to 550 gallons.

IBCs made from metal (carbon steel, stainless steel) often have a volume range between 110 gallons to 793 gallons.

*Note, 110 gallon IBCs are outside the CFR’s volumetric capacity range allowed for intermediate bulk containers and therefore cannot be considered UN/DOT approved shipping containers. Metal IBCs with capacities greater than 793 can be custom fabricated on request, but again, note, these will not be UN/DOT certifiable containers approved for transit applications.

Find IBC totes by volume capacity, here.

Most professional businesses, manufacturers, and shipping companies likely already know what it means for a poly cage tote to be UN31HA1/Y certified. For non-shipping use companies, small businesses, consumers and the like, this detail of the IBC will likely be irrelevant. With this said, however, the certification does indicate a higher quality product.

For inquiring minds, the IBC tote UN31HA1/Y certification means the IBC has been tested and passed the safety and design standards of the United Nations (UN) and U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations. A successful test pass means the IBC is approved for the handling, storage, and transport of regulated, hazardous materials (hazmat) classified within what is known as Packing Group II and Packing Group III.

To break down the UN31HA1/Y code:

• UN = United Nations
• 31 = Intended for Liquid Use
• HA = IBC is of Composite Construction, where H = Plastic and A = Steel
• 1 = IBC features Structural Equipment for Load Support
• Y = Approved for Packing Group II and III Hazmat

Prior to regulated shipping of authorized materials, IBCs must be certified and permitted according to the requirements for IBC standards of the U.S. DOT, HMR, and Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR, Subs. B, Ch. 1, Pt. 178). These guidelines place specifications on the IBC material and design, enforcing certain engineering standards that the IBC model must meet through actual product testing prior to distribution and sale.

IBCs will be tested and labeled for use according to the UN/DOT permitting that is appropriate for the IBC’s designated use (liquids, solids), IBC construction material, and particular design. Some common IBC permit labels and meanings include:

• UN 31 for liquids
• UN 21 for solids, discharged via pressure
• UN 11 for solids, discharged via gravity
• UN HA for composite plastic and metal IBCs
• UN H/Y for rigid plastic IBCs permitted for shipping PG II and PG III
• UN 31A for metal steel IBCs labeled for liquid handling
• UN H1 for rigid plastic IBCs with structural equipment for load support when stacked
• UN H2 for freestanding rigid plastic IBCs

Prior to release for sale and use, all IBC totes sold by IBCTanks.com must undergo and pass the following design qualification testing: (1) Hydrostatic Pressure, (2) Drop, (3) Leakproofness, (4) Stacking, (5) Bottom Lift and/or Top Lift, and (6) Vibration tests.

1) Hydrostatic Pressure Test: IBC container vents are plugged or replaced with non-venting devices and stressed with an amount of hydrostatic pressure that varies with IBC type and intended cargo. The test ensures IBC integrity against sudden expulsion of hazardous cargo. This test can be very dependent on IBC model and designated cargo, hazmat group, and vapor pressures; always verify IBC type and cargo specs with coded regulations. CFR Hydrostatic Pressure Test details.

2) Drop Test: Container is filled to near max capacity, stored to -18°C (0°F), effectively freezing and placing the IBC thermoplastic in stress, which is then dropped. Total drop height is dependent on intended cargo. The IBC is positioned to land with impact on the container’s most vulnerable part, often the discharge valve. The test evaluates an IBC’s resistance against potential work environment falls, rough handling, and accidents as well as its integrity to prevent the release of potentially hazardous cargo. CFR Drop Test details.

3) Leakproofness Test: The IBC is closed, vents are sealed or non-vented, and air pressure is applied of no less than 2.9 psig (20kPa) while IBC seams are coated in a leak-detecting solution, with soap and water or heavy oil being common methods. The test ensures an IBC tote’s seams, connections, potential weak points are secure with no air leakage. CFR Leakproofness Test details.

4) Stacking Test: Often performed one of two ways. IBC tote is filled to its max gross mass rating and submitted to either one or more of the same IBCs filled to max mass being stacked on top of or stacked on by a *superimposed test load. *From the CFR for all IBCs: “Calculation of superimposed test load. For all IBCs, the load to be placed on the IBC must be 1.8 times the combined maximum permissible gross mass of the number of similar IBCs that may be stacked on top of the IBC during transportation.” The test ensures an IBC will not collapse under the weight strain associated with stacking for storage or transit. CFR Stacking Test details.

5) Bottom Lift Test: IBC is filled to 1.25 times its max permitted gross mass rating and lifted from all angles. The test ensures container maintains its integrity during normal use without deformation. CFR Bottom Lift Test details. Top Lift Test: IBCs with top lift capabilities are filled to 2.0 times its max gross mass rating and then lifted and held for five minutes at various orientations to induce container stress. The test ensures IBC will maintain its structural integrity during lifting and hoist type handling. CFR Top Lift Test details.

6) Vibration Test: IBC container is filled as if for transit and subjected to specific frequency vibration via a platform designed for the process. The test ensures an IBC will not rupture or leak during transport due to the container stress endured in transit. CFR Vibration Test details.

Do not be led by company sales pitches into thinking that their IBC products are somehow superior due to passing these design tests. All UN/DOT approved IBCs listed and certified for sale must receive and pass these engineering tests to certify the IBC container’s strength and durability for use with PGII/III hazardous material cargo across national shipping networks.

Additionally, all “in-service IBC totes” must be retested and pass UN/DOT re-certification tests every 2.5 years in order to maintain the IBC’s shipping permits and be certified safe for continuous duty.

Differences in an IBC tote’s performance abilities depends on the manufacturing method, technology, equipment, and largely on engineering understanding, application, and experience. IBCTanks.com offers IBC totes made by manufacturers in the USA with extensive engineering knowledge and reputation within the field.

CFR §178.803 | Testing and Certification of IBCs.

The following is an excerpt from the CFR Title 49: Tests required for the certification of each IBC design type are specified in the following table. The letter X indicates that one IBC (except where noted) of each design type must be subjected to the tests in the order presented:

Performance test	IBC type
	Metal IBCs	Rigid plastic IBCs	Composite IBCs	Fiber-board IBCs	Wooden IBCs	Flexible IBCs
Vibration	6 X	6 X	6 X	6 X	6 X	1.5 X
Bottom lift	2 X	X	X	X	X
Top lift	2 X	2 X	2 X			2 5 X
Stacking	7 X	7 X	7 X	7 X	7 X	5 X
Leakproofness	3 X	3 X	3 X
Hydrostatic	3 X	3 X	3 X
Drop	4 X	4 X	4 X	4 X	4 X	5 X
Topple						5 X
Righting						2 5 X
Tear						5 X

Per CFR guidelines, the tare weight for specific IBC design types will be listed:

1. On UN/DOT labels immediately after the total volume capacity and before the rated gauge test pressure.

Note, this value is given in kilogram (kg) units. To convert to U.S. pounds (lbs), multiply the UN/DOT label value by 2.2.

Example, IBC Stacking Test Load: 74 kg x 2.2 kg/lbs = 163 lbs

To compare the dry, tare weight for all available IBC containers in US pounds and Metric kilogram units, review our IBC Weights Table.

With current regulations, an IBC needs to be inspected for recertification every 30 months (2.5 yrs) of service. IBC containers must be retested to update UN/DOT shipping labels every 2.5 years before they can be certified for continued service.

IBC tote retesting and recertification is a federally regulated procedure required every 2.5 years for a repeat-use IBC carrying UN/DOT regulating cargo and/or hazardous material across freight networks. The recertification process will involve a visual inspection and a leakproofness test. Details on the process can be found in the CFR Title 49 here and details on the leakproofness test can be found here.

Anyone within a company, business, or organization can perform the IBC tote tests for recertification given: 1) The individual is a hazmat employee by DOT regulation and meets DOT training requirements, 2) Follows the approved testing procedure, 3) Properly marks and labels the container, and 4) Keeps the proper, required records.

Note, this applies to IBCs used to transport UN/DOT regulated materials across freight networks and does not apply to individuals, businesses, or farmers who use IBC totes for non-hazardous applications on-site or locally. However, depending on the cargo, application and work setting, specific OSHA regulations may apply.

IBC totes are highly versatile handling containers suitable for a wide range of applications and materials that require storage, mobility, dispensing, mixing, batching, and direct integration into work uses. For farmers, IBC totes can be used for many applications common to the agriculture industry and found on farms.

Some common IBC tote uses for farmers include: handling of agriculture performance chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, livestock feedstock, rainwater harvesting, water hauling, fermentation, fuel storage, DEF handling, goods handling such as grain, seed, and milk.

Intermediate bulk containers are used in construction to allow companies, workers, and jobsites to transport, store, and distribute different materials required by work applications and building activities. Example materials include water, sand, gravel, cement, cement additives, powdered plaster, chemicals, diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), deicing agents such as calcium chloride (CaCl2), oils, lubricants, grouts, paints, primers, solvents, and adhesives.

Intermediate bulk containers are used in the automotive industry to provide a large volume container for on-hand storage, receiving, and dispensing of materials and liquids needed by service shops, vehicle repair businesses, fleet depots and service stations. Example materials include motor oils, hydraulic fluids, fuel, vehicle fluids, lubricants, solvents, cleaners, and paints.

Intermediate bulk containers are used across industrial applications for a wide range of chemicals, liquid materials, and powders for distribution, filling, and direct integration into company work efforts. Examples include acids, caustics, peroxides, cleaning agents, solvents, lubricants, greases, waste fluids, water, oils, and fluids for vehicles, equipment, and machinery.

Yes, intermediate bulk containers can be used for free-flowing powders, granulated powders, and granule type cargo. IBC totes are engineered with a sloped container bottom that promotes drainage of the IBC’s cargo towards the integrated 2” diameter ball valve that can allow discharge of powdered cargo via gravity or suction that does not pressurize the IBC container. The IBC bottom is a gradual slope and is not intended to be interpreted as a hopper bottom.

Note, however, our IBC products are tested and UN/DOT certified for liquid cargo product shipping including 31HA1/Y, 31H1/Y, 31H2/Y, and 31A/Y. The “31” portion of the UN marking indicates “for liquids”. UN certified hopper bottom style IBCs ideal for powders and granulated goods can be provided on request.

Additionally, our IBC tote products should not be used with electrostatic sensitive powdered type cargo as they are not engineered for this.

Yes, intermediate bulk containers can be used for chemicals as long as the chemical in question is compatible with the manufacturing materials for the IBC tote and components such as gaskets, the valve, and any bung fittings in contact with the chemical solution. Chemical IBCs are engineered to withstand the characteristics, properties, and densities for a wide range of chemical solutions.

Whenever using an IBC to store, transport, and/or distribute a chemical material, compound, or liquid, always ensure chemical compatibility, reactivity, and corrosive resistance between the intended cargo and the intermediate bulk container if not known. Chemical compatibility concerns and inquiries are always best addressed to the supplier of the chemical in question.

For more on chemical use and IBCs, see the Chemical IBC FAQs section below.

Most IBC containers are manufactured with a material weight rating of 1.9 specific gravity. This includes IBCs built from high density polyethylene plastic, including poly caged totes. An IBC tote’s specific gravity rating determines the maximum permissible density of the IBC’s cargo. The specific gravity of 1.9 is based on the density of water and is directly equivalent to a density value of 15.85 pounds per gallon (lbs/gal) or 1.9 kilograms per liter (kg/L).

This means any intermediate bulk container with a 1.9 specific gravity rating is approved to handle any material-compatible cargo that weighs up to 15.85 pounds for every 1 gallon, or 1.9 kilograms for every 1 liter.

If the intended cargo is chemically compatible with the IBC tote’s manufacturing materials and has a specific gravity rating less than 1.9, then the cargo can successfully be stored and transported within an IBC container to its maximum volume capacity.

How heavy an IBC container is when full will depend on the tote’s max volume capacity and the cargo being stored. To determine how heavy a full IBC will be, multiply the density weight of the cargo by the total volume stored or to be stored in the IBC.

Most plastic IBCs are built with a 1.9 specific gravity rating suitable for liquids with density values up to 15.85 pounds per gallon (15.85 lbs/gal, 1.9 kg/ltr), meaning they can be filled to max capacity with cargo weighing up to this density / specific gravity limit.

All UN/DOT permitted IBCs will have a maximum permissible gross mass rating that lists how much cargo weight the IBC is approved to handle. The max value is often slightly more than 15.85 pounds times the IBC’s total volume capacity.

Examples of Common Cargo and IBC Weight When Full:

• Water (8.34 lbs/gal) in 275 Gallon IBC: 2293 Lbs.
• Citric Acid 50% (10.18 lbs/gal) in 150 Gallon IBC: 1527 Lbs.
• Corn Oil (7.7 lbs/gal) in 275 Gallon IBC: 2117 Lbs.
• Diesel Exhaust Fluid (9.10 lbs/gal) in 135 Gallon IBC: 1228 Lbs.
• Ethanol (6.6 lbs/gal) in 200 Gallon IBC: 1320 Lbs.
• Gasoline (6.2 lbs/gal) in 150 Gallon IBC: 930 Lbs.
• Glycerin (10.5 lbs/gal) in 330 Gallon IBC: 3465 Lbs.
• Milk (8.6 lbs/gal) in 330 Gallon IBC: 2838 Lbs.
• Sodium Hydroxide (10.43 lbs/gal) in 275 Gallon IBC: 2868 Lbs.
• Sodium Hypochlorite (10.0 lbs/gal) in 330 Gallon IBC: 3300 Lbs.
• Sulfuric Acid (15.35 lbs/gal) in 550 Gallon IBC: 8442 Lbs.
• Sunflower Oil (7.68 lbs/gal) in 550 Gallon IBC: 4224 Lbs.

Yes, it is okay to connect pipes, pumps, filters and other such additional plumbing and equipment to an IBC tote. However, such plumbing components should be supported separately to prevent weight strain stress and buckling of the IBC tote fitting that can lead to damage of the IBC’s discharge valve connection. This is often done through individual, independent support of the separate plumbing components through brackets, metal braces, wooden platforms, masonry and the like.

When using a pump, do not use such a high powered pump that it exceeds the IBC tote’s venting capability when fitted with the lid as it becomes possible to create a vacuum-like scenario for the tote interior, which can be hazardous and cause damage to the IBC. If such a high powered, high flow pump is necessary, only use the pump with the IBC’s lid removed or consider modifying the venting and aeration capability of the IBC container.

No, an intermediate bulk container (IBC tote) cannot be pressurized. An IBC tote is not a pressure vessel and has not been engineered to withstand pressures greater than atmospheric normals (14.7 PSI, 101 kPa). This is true for all-plastic IBCs made from high density polyethylene, poly caged totes, and metal IBCs made from carbon steel and stainless steel.

Intermediate bulk containers are built with an automatic, self-regulating pressure relief vent designed to operate and release any internal pressure buildup.

The maximum stacking load limit for an IBC is the max weight load the IBC product is tested, rated, and approved to have stacked on top of the IBC container. The following are the maximum stacking weight limits for polyethylene plastic IBC tote containers as listed on the IBC’s UN/DOT permit label:

• Standard Stackable IBC 120 Gallon: 3723 lbs (1689 kg)
• Standard Stackable IBC 220 Gallon: 6620 lbs (3003 kg)
• Standard Stackable IBC 275 Gallon: 8223 lbs (3730 kg)
• Standard Stackable IBC 330 Gallon: 9837 lbs (4462 kg)
• Premium Stacking IBC 120 Gallon: 3723 lbs (1689 kg)
• Premium Stacking IBC 220 Gallon:  6620 lbs (3003 kg)
• Premium Stacking IBC 275 Gallon: 8223 lbs (3730 kg)
• Premium Stacking IBC 330 Gallon: 9837 lbs (4462 kg)
• Ultratainer IBC 220 Gallon: 6754 lbs (3064 kg)
• Ultratainer IBC 275 Gallon: 8357 lbs (3791 kg)
• Ultratainer IBC 330 Gallon:  9960 lbs (4518 kg)
• Wide Mouth Ultratainer IBC 220 Gallon: 6799 lbs (3084 kg)
• Wide Mouth Ultratainer IBC 275 Gallon: 8406 lbs (3813 kg)
• Wide Mouth Ultratainer IBC 330 Gallon: 10008 lbs (4540 kg)
• Megatainer IBC 550 Gallon: 14746 lbs (6689 kg)

The maximum fill weight limit for an IBC is the max cargo load the IBC product is tested, rated, and approved for. The following are the maximum fill weight limits for polyethylene plastic IBC tote containers as listed on the IBC’s UN/DOT permit label:

• Standard Stackable IBC 120 Gallon: 2067 lbs (938 kg)
• Standard Stackable IBC 220 Gallon: 3677 lbs (1668 kg)
• Standard Stackable IBC 275 Gallon: 4567 lbs (2072 kg)
• Standard Stackable IBC 330 Gallon: 5465 lbs (2479 kg)
• Premium Stacking IBC 120 Gallon: 2067 lbs (938 kg)
• Premium Stacking IBC 220 Gallon: 3677 lbs (1668 kg)
• Premium Stacking IBC 275 Gallon: 4567 lbs (2072 kg)
• Premium Stacking IBC 330 Gallon: 5465 lbs (2479 kg)
• Ultratainer IBC 220 Gallon: 3752 lbs (1702 kg)
• Ultratainer IBC 275 Gallon: 4642 lbs (2106 kg)
• Ultratainer IBC 330 Gallon:  5533 lbs (2510 kg)
• Wide Mouth Ultratainer IBC 220 Gallon: 3776 lbs (1713 kg)
• Wide Mouth Ultratainer IBC 275 Gallon: 4669 lbs (2118 kg)
• Wide Mouth Ultratainer IBC 330 Gallon: 5560 lbs (2522 kg)
• Megatainer IBC 550 Gallon: 9380 lbs (4255 kg)

The different IBC tote models and lids have different foot pounds of torque necessary for the proper closure of UN marked intermediate bulk containers for qualification of packaging per Title 49 CFR Subparts M and O. The recommendations and required torque will vary based on the IBC tote lid type, IBC model, and IBC manufacturer.

We provide closure instructions for IBC totes provided by the manufacturer for the different IBC tote products we offer.

• Snyder Industries (S.I.I.)® Brand IBC Containers
• Custom Metal-Craft® Brand IBC Containers
• IBC Tanks® Poly Caged Totes

The answer to this question depends on both the extent of the damage and the IBC’s intended application.

Small, minor cosmetic dents that do not affect the IBC’s level balance or fork access are unlikely to affect the IBC’s structural integrity during use, and the IBC is likely still safe for use.

Serious dents that perhaps are the result of a fall or crushing impact that restricts fork access or causes the inner IBC container to be unlevel can impair work efforts. The unbalanced tote can also cause extra strain on the lowered side, presenting problems and a potential concern for use. During a visual inspection test, such a damaged IBC should likely be considered a “fail” for UN/DOT approved shipping of a hazardous material.

Always use sound judgment and err on the side of caution if hazardous or chemical materials are involved.

For consumers and non-DOT regulated applications, as long as the dents do not seem to have impacted the structural integrity of the inner plastic container, the IBC is still likely okay to use.

As long as an IBC tote is kept closed with its lid, no, water should not evaporate when stored in an IBC tote. IBCs are UN/DOT permitted and approved shipping and handling containers engineered to safely and securely contain their cargo materials without loss.

IBCs are a closed container and only feature an automatic, pressure-relief vent to release internal pressure buildup. While it may be possible for some water vapor to be lost over time, the volume should be fairly insignificant compared to the bulk water volume in the IBC tote.

After an IBC is hot filled with a liquid cargo, the IBC may only then be closed if: 1) the hot fill cargo has cooled to room temperature, or 2) the IBC features satisfactory venting and the closure cap is torqued to manufacturer specification.

An IBC’s work-life expectancy will depend on the IBC type, what it is being used for use, work conditions, and the IBC’s ability to pass regular, DOT-shipping inspections approving it for continued use, if applicable.

• Poly caged totes have seen greater than 7 years successful service within select fields.
• Rigid HDPE IBCs have seen over 10 years of service.
• Carbon and stainless steel IBC tanks have seen over 20 years of work life.

Stress conditions of handling high corrosives or caustics, use with semi-compatible materials, heated liquids, regular pressure stress, rough working conditions, extended durations of high-UV sunlight and extreme weather exposure can all potentially contribute to shortening an IBC’s service life.

Most IBC containers are manufactured with a material weight rating of 1.9 specific gravity. This includes IBCs built from high density polyethylene plastic, including poly caged totes. An IBC tote’s specific gravity rating determines the maximum permissible density of the IBC’s cargo. The specific gravity of 1.9 is based on the density of water and is directly equivalent to a density value of 15.85 pounds per gallon (lbs/gal) or 1.9 kilograms per liter (kg/L).

This means any intermediate bulk container with a 1.9 specific gravity rating is approved to handle any material-compatible cargo that weighs up to 15.85 pounds for every 1 gallon, or 1.9 kilograms for every 1 liter.

If the intended cargo is chemically compatible with the IBC tote’s manufacturing materials and has a specific gravity rating less than 1.9, then the cargo can successfully be stored and transported within an IBC container to its maximum volume capacity.

Depending on the IBC type, an IBC pallet tote can be maneuvered via forklift, pallet jack, hoist equipment, or aerial vehicle lift.

IBC containers are advantageous over 55 gallon drums as they are engineered with built-in maneuverability features for easy use with modern handling equipment and common transport methods, improving their overall ability to be moved, loaded, unloaded, and warehoused. The integrated pallet style platform base with built-in forklift channels is the main maneuverability feature of an intermediate bulk container.

Depending on the type of IBC, the pallet tote can be either 4-way, 3-way, or 2-way accessible for forklifts or pallet jack type handling equipment.

• Most IBCs are 4-way, cross-directional for accessing and moving from each side. Full 4-way accessible IBC models include poly caged totes, standard stackable IBCs, premium stacking IBCs, the Ultratainer, and the Megatainer.
• Metal IBCs are often 3-way accessible with a valve guard, “No Forks this Side”, feature to protect the drain valve. Three-way accessible IBC models include stainless steel and carbon steel IBC tanks.
• The few 2-way accessible IBCs are often still 4-way fork accessible but are only accessible by pallet jack on the sides. Two-way accessible IBC models include the premium stacking IBC totes.

Some IBC pallet tanks feature combination lifting lugs or an integrated lift package with safety-standard rated eyelets. IBCs with lift features allow the IBC to be hoisted by crane, aerial vehicle, or other hoisting equipment. Lift package IBC models include the Megatainer, stainless steel IBCs, carbon steel IBCs, and the Ultratainer IBC as an optional tote add-on feature.

IBC tote limitations when stacking include: 1) Total Weight, 2) IBC Load Tolerance, and 3) General Workplace Safety. These three points will consider and relate to the stacking limitation of an intermediate bulk container. Given that IBCs can be made from different materials and even engineered differently for those made of the same materials, a specific IBC will have a max limit to how high it can be stacked.

1) Total Weight – Total weight refers to how much the collective stack of IBC and cargo will weigh and requires an understanding of the weight value that will be directly applied and beared by the base point IBC.

2) IBC Load Tolerance – Load tolerance refers to an IBC’s individual engineering and associated maximum weight load the IBC is rated to handle. This detail is presented as a value rating and is always listed on an IBC’s UN/DOT label in kilograms (kg) as the IBC stacking test load. An IBC should never be stacked so the total weight and load is greater than the IBC’s max load tolerance.

3) General Workplace Safety – This point refers to good workplace practices to ensure the safety and integrity of the IBC containers, products, personnel, and nearby equipment. Simply put, IBCs should never be stacked in a way that creates a safety hazard where the possibility exists for a stack to be knocked over. Empty IBC totes can potentially be stacked over four high due to having a low total weight, but the stack’s total height quickly rises, raising potential safety concerns. For example, 330 gallon caged totes measure 53” in height, and when stacked 4 high, creates an IBC stack 17’ 8” high.

Yes, full IBC containers can be stacked. Most IBCs are engineered to stack 2 to 4 high when full of cargo (dynamic load) that maxes out the IBCs maximum permissible gross mass. Most IBCs are built for use with liquids up to 1.9 specific gravity that weigh 15.85 lbs/gal (1.9 kg/ltr) at full capacity.

Using an example, a 120 gallon standard stackable IBC has a stack load rating of 4462 kg (9837 lbs). This means a single 120 gallon standard IBC can be stacked with a total load of 9837 lbs, a significant weight. If the 120 gallon IBC is filled with a 15.85 lbs/gal liquid, the tote will weigh 1902 lbs plus the IBC’s tare weight of 163 lbs for a total dynamic load of 2065 lbs. If the IBC’s max load rating is 9837 lbs, then the IBC can be stacked with four (4) full IBCs for a total load weight of 8260 lbs, leaving 1577 lbs of additional stacking capability.

According to the U.S. CFR, full IBC containers are designed for and can be stacked for transport. However, we cannot recommend the activity due to safety and liability concerns. If a company, business, or private owner chooses to ship stacked, full IBCs, they do so at their own risk and if so, proper safety, handling, and security measures should be in place, followed, and verified to ensure the integrity and safety of the cargo shipment, shipment vehicle, and driver.

Stacking full IBCs for transport initiates potential safety concerns associated with a heavy-weight, high-volume shipping container positioned at height during transit. This can effectively raise the center-of-gravity for the cargo stack and the transport vehicle, increasing the possibility for the container or vehicle to tip.

A 330 gallon IBC tote full of water will weigh over 2,700 pounds and creates a scenario where a large liquid volume and associated mass can slosh and shift around during movement. Multiply this by several IBC totes and the scenario becomes one with the potential for significant weight shifts during transit that could cause hazardous conditions for the freight and driver.

To alleviate this concern, potential options include: using smaller volume IBCs, not filling IBCs to max capacity, ensuring an even and balanced freight load, and using a means of securing the IBCs during movement, such as tie-down straps or other approved transit protection options.

Proper load securement is highly recommended when shipping IBC tote containers via transit networks for both static load (empty) and dynamic load (cargo-bearing) freight. Intermediate bulk containers should always be safely and securely restrained or immobilized when shipped by freight carriers in semi-trucks, railway cars, or transport containers.

Compatible transit protection options for IBC totes include many of the commonly used and modern methods. This includes wood blocking and bracing, strapping and lashing, air bags, void fillers, bulk heads, and poly banding.

Some IBC load securement options may not be approved for certain transit vehicles, such as railway, or for certain cargo, such as hazmat. It is the responsibility of the owner of the IBC and cargo and/or the independent freight carrier to ensure and verify that an approved load securement is being used. For more details, see the following information paper from RIBCA of North America.

In the United States, North America, a common freight truck is a single semi trailer with a cargo bed that measures 53 feet long (636 inches), 100 inches wide, and 110 inches tall.

Using these measurements with the dimensions of the commonly used poly caged IBC totes, 275 gallon: 40” W x 48” L x 46” H and 330 gallon: 40” W x 48” L x 53” H:

A 53ft semi-truck can carry up to sixty (60) total, empty 275 gallon and/or 330 gallon IBC totes when carried in two rows stacked two high.

Cargo-bearing IBC totes are not recommended to be stacked in transport, and therefore, a 53ft semi-truck can carry up to thirty (30) total, full 275 gallon and/or 330 gallon IBC totes in two rows of fifteen. (See the above FAQ on Can IBC be Stacked for Transport.)

Both composite caged IBC totes and rigid IBC totes are manufactured from plastic and the same kind of plastic. The plastic used to make these IBC totes is high density polyethylene, often abbreviated HDPE. High density polyethylene is a widely used, versatile, and robust plastic.

The raw HDPE resin material used to make IBC totes is FDA approved, BPA free virgin grade resin. This resin grade allows plastic IBC containers to be tested and certified by ANSI/NSF 61 standards for potable water and when built according to additional FDA CFR requirements and with sanitary components such as white EPDM, can be certified food grade IBCs for food and beverage applications.

Rigid plastic IBC containers are rotational mold manufactured to a nominal 1/2” thickness so the IBC has an average 1/2” thick wall all the way around the intermediate bulk container. Models of rigid plastic IBC totes include: Standard Stacking, Premium Stacking, Excalibur, Ultratainer, and Megatainer.

Rebottled IBC totes are previously used poly caged totes that have had the old plastic container (liner, bottle) removed and replaced with a brand new one. The steel frame and pallet base have seen prior service but have been cleaned, inspected, and certified for reuse according to industry standards. Rebottled IBCs can be used for all the same applications as a brand new poly tote. A rebottled IBC will cost less than a new caged tote and more than a reconditioned tote.

Reconditioned IBC totes are previously used poly caged totes that have been cleaned, inspected, and certified for reuse according to industry standards. Both the inner tank container and pallet frame have seen prior use. Reconditioned IBC totes should not be used for potable water or other sensitive, high purity commodities. A reconditioned IBC tote has the lowest purchase price of all available intermediate bulk containers.

Yes, a poly IBC tote can be cleaned and should be. A dilute bleach and water solution is recommended for cleaning the inside of an IBC. The tote can be cleaned after handling inert commodities such as sand, food ingredients, granules, water, or mild chemicals that will not hazardously react with bleach or be insoluble due to non-polar or hydrophobic characteristics.

Never clean a polyethylene IBC with a chemical that indicates incompatibility with high density polyethylene (HDPE) as cleaning with such chemicals would potentially cause chemical attack, tank surface damage, and lead to eventual sidewall weakening and loss of strength.

Polyethylene IBCs include composite caged IBC totes and rigid, all-plastic IBCs such as the Ultratainer and Megatainer. As plastic IBCs are all made from the same material, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), they all have the same recommended maximum temperature ratings. These temperature ratings are for the temperature of the IBC’s internal payload.

Long Term Storage (> 2 weeks): Maximum recommended temperature is 105°F (40°C).

Short Term Storage (< 2 weeks): Maximum recommended temperature is 140°F (60°C).

Minimum Rated Temperature: Minimum recommended temperature is -20°F (-28.8°C).

The high-density polyethylene plastic theses IBCs are manufactured from can withstand temperatures up to 140°F to 160°F. The 105°F long term recommendation provides a margin of safety to ensure IBC integrity is maintained. Above 105°F, the IBC plastic can begin to expand, increase in elasticity, and can effectively weaken the container’s structural integrity, especially if chemicals are involved, which can result in tote failure and cargo release.

The recommended maximum fill temperature for poly IBCs is 140°F to 158°F (60°C to 70°C). Above this temperature, permanent deformation to the poly IBC tote can occur, rendering the IBC unfit for further company use. If an IBC is hot filled with liquid cargo, a proper cooling, venting, and/or closure procedure is required. Poly IBCs are not manufactured to withstand constant temperatures at this degree. After hot filling, the IBC payload must be allowed to cool to beneath safe temperature ratings for high density polyethylene.

For sustained, elevated temperatures, use metal IBC containers.

Metal IBCs have a volume capacity range between 110 gallons up to 793 gallons. Stainless steel intermediate bulk containers have a volume range from 110 gallons to 550 gallons. Carbon steel IBCs have a volume range from 110 gallons to 450 gallons. Metal IBCs with 793 gallon storage capacities are available on request. According to the U.S. CFR, metal IBC containers have an allowable volume range between 119 gallons (450 liters) up to 793 gallons (3000 liters) while maintaining UN/DOT shipping approval.

Metal IBC containers are made from either mild carbon steel or 304 grade stainless steel.

Metal IBC containers are manufactured from 10 gauge thick metal.

304 grade stainless steel is an approved food-contact material, making a SS IBC tank food grade. However, in order for the IBC to be considered fully food grade, in-contact components and fittings must also be made from food-grade certified materials. A full sanitary finish IBC tote with sanitary fittings is available on request.

No, metal IBC tanks cannot be used as a pressure tank or pressure vessel. Doing so would result in a potentially dangerous work condition. Neither stainless nor carbon steel IBCs have been designed to operate at elevated internal pressures. The IBCs are engineered for atmospheric pressure levels only (1 atm, 14.7 PSI, 101.3 kPa) and include built-in automatic pressure relief vents to ensure hazardous container pressurization does not occur.

Metal IBC totes, both stainless steel and carbon steel, have the same pallet dimensions of 42” L x 48” W and only differ in total height:

20 Foot Container: a 20ft container could fit ten (10) metal IBCs in two rows, one IBC high.

40 Foot Container: a 40ft container could fit twenty (20) metal IBCs in two rows, one IBC high.

*Note: these numbers are provided for example scenarios involving the transport of empty intermediate bulk containers as we cannot recommend full, cargo-bearing IBCs to be stacked during transit. If the IBC cargo, IBC height, and transit securement allows stacking of the IBCs, then twice as many metal IBCs could potentially be shipped.

In the United States, North America, a common freight truck is a single semi trailer with a cargo bed that measures 53 feet long (636 inches), 100 inches wide, and 110 inches tall.

Using these measurements and metal IBC dimensions of 42” L x 48” W:

A 53ft semi-truck can carry up to sixty (60) total, empty metal IBC totes when carried in two rows stacked two high, if the metal IBC height allows.

Cargo-bearing IBC totes are not recommended to be stacked in transport, and therefore, a 53ft semi-truck can carry up to thirty (30) total, full metal IBC totes in two rows of fifteen.

Yes, a metal IBC tote can be cleaned and should be, but depending on the IBC’s cargo, professional IBC cleaning is recommended.

Metal IBC totes should be cleaned and rinsed before first use to remove any residual materials from manufacturing. This is especially recommended if the IBC tote will be used to hold and provide water that will be used for drinking or food production.

Being made from 10 gauge, 304 grade stainless steel alloy, stainless steel IBC tanks have a high temperature range tolerance. Stainless steel IBCs can easily handle temperatures and applications in excess of 200°F (93°C). However, we do not recommend their use with temperatures greater than 210°F to avoid the possibility of burns or other hazards to workers should they come into contact with the heated IBC.

We have been asked if stainless steel IBCs can handle boiling water and a direct flame. The answer to this question is yes, given proper consideration and safety to the high heat hazard to personnel.

Yes, stainless steel metal IBC containers can be entirely made from 316L grade stainless steel on request. Stainless steel IBCs are standard manufactured from 304 grade stainless steel but can be fabricated from 316L grade SS. The ball valve outlet on all metal IBCs is 316 grade stainless steel, standard.

For stainless steel metal IBC tote tanks, there are two standard emergency vent options: a 2” Rieke™ vent or a 3” fusible vent, but why choose one over the other?

Choose a 2” Rieke brand fusible vent for worry-free, built-in explosion protection that is set-it-and-leave-it. The 2” Rieke vent is not designed to be removed during normal work applications, providing security that the fusible vent will work if the IBC is ever exposed to an active fire.

Choose a 3” fusible vent for work operations that can benefit from an additional filling aperture that allows easier access to the IBC container for adding cargo. The 3” fusible vent is a threaded, cap style fusible vent. The SS IBC lid features a 3” male TOE nipple that allows the emergency vent to be removed so the port can be used as a filling aperture and then replaced for fire protection.

The 2″ Rieke brand fusible vent is best for applications that will not benefit from an additional filling aperture and worry-free fire emergency protection is desired. The 3” fusible vent option is best for applications where the potential for fire exposure is limited and when the inner IBC container needs accessed regularly for adding cargo that can be filled through a 3” port. After removal, the 3” threaded fusible vent cap must be torqued for closure to ensure proper activation in the event of a fire.

Stainless steel IBCs’ fusible vents are designed to operate automatically at 250°F (121°C).

The short answer to this: abide by local NFPA fire codes and recommendations and OSHA guidelines for the storage, handling, and use of Class I, II, and III flammable / combustible materials within IBC containers. Given proper IBC handling, certain totes are approved for use with specific classes of flammable materials without experiencing an increased fire risk. General compatibility between the flammable commodity and the IBC material should always be verified.

Answer Details:

• Metal IBC tanks, such as carbon and stainless steel, are the recommended IBCs for warehouse handling of Class I flammable materials with a flash point < 100°F. Note, that while metal IBCs are not NFPA-listed, they have been tested and certified for this use, have been employed in these applications for decades, and are personally recommended by the NFPA for use.
• Metal, rigid plastic, and composite poly IBCs are suitable for compatible Class II and Class III combustibles with a flash point > 100°F. The IBC should include proper labeling and listing for the stored material.

Further Note:

There is a regulatory difference between DOT shipping and warehouse handling in the USA. It is entirely possible for an IBC with a flammable / combustible cargo to be approved for freight by the DOT, but not approved by NFPA or OSHA for warehouse holding and use. In scenarios that this is the case, it is recommended to offload and switch the inbound cargo from the freight IBC to a better suited, approved IBC for warehouse use.

Yes, metal IBC containers made from stainless steel and carbon steel alloys are fire-resistant. Being manufactured entirely from these iron-based alloys, metal IBCs have a very high temperature range tolerance. They will not experience oxidation, melt, nor begin to soften from exposure to fire.

Using an intermediate bulk container to store, distribute, and ship chemicals is a main, common use for an IBC tote. IBC containers are made from either high-density polyethylene plastic, stainless steel, or carbon steel metal. These three material options increase the range of potential chemicals that are compatible for use with IBC totes. Polyethylene IBC totes are most often UN/DOT approved for dense liquids up to 1.9 specific gravity (15.85 lbs/gal or 1.9 kg/ltr).

When using an IBC to store, transport, and/or distribute chemical materials, compounds, or liquids, always ensure chemical compatibility, reactivity, and corrosive resistance between the intended cargo and the intermediate bulk container. Chemical compatibility concerns and inquiries are always best addressed to the supplier of the chemical in question.

The following is a list of common chemicals stored, transported, and dispensed from IBC tote containers. Note, these are more common chemicals and solutions, and the list is not inclusive. The IBC tote type and build material recommended will vary based on the chemical and compatibility test results.

• Aluminum Sulfate, Alum
• Calcium Chloride, CaCl2
• Citric Acid
• Diesel Exhaust Fluid, DEF, AUS 32
• Ethanol, EtOH, Ethyl Alcohol
• Ethylene Glycol
• Ferric Chloride
• Ferric Sulfate
• Ferrous Chloride
• Ferrous Sulfate
• Fertilizers, Agriculture
• Hydrogen Chloride, HCl, Muriatic Acid
• Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2
• Isopropanol, Isopropyl Alcohol
• Magnesium Chloride, MgCl2
• Methanol, MeOH, Methyl Alcohol
• Pesticides, Agriculture
• Phosphoric Acid
• Potassium Hydroxide, KOH, Potash
• Propylene Glycol
• Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, Caustic
• Sodium Hypochlorite, NaOCl, Bleach
• Toluene
• Urea Solutions

The intermediate bulk container (IBC) best for chemical applications will depend on the select chemical cargo and, to a lesser extent, other requirements unique to the specific work use case.

IBCs are available in three main types: composite, rigid plastic, and metal. Composite and rigid plastic IBCs are both manufactured from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and are suitable for use with HDPE-compatible chemicals. Rigid plastic IBCs are rotational molded to ½” thick polyethylene and are better suited for long term, reusable chemical applications over composite IBCs.

Metal IBCs are made from either carbon steel or 304 grade stainless steel, with 316L grade steel available on request. The steel options allow for selecting the IBC that will provide the best compatibility with the chemical to be used. Metal IBCs should be used with chemicals that are not compatible with high-density polyethylene plastic and are a preferred option for flammable and combustible materials.

Application factors such as chemical concentration, mixing, temperature, refilling frequency, and extent of compatibility can all contribute to the suitability and longevity of the IBC for the chemical use application.

Yes, IBC tote tanks can be used to store ethanol (EtOH, Ethyl Alcohol). Ethanol up to pure concentration is considered compatible with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 304 stainless steel, both are materials that intermediate bulk containers are manufactured from. High density polyethylene IBCs include Rigid Plastic IBCs and Caged IBC Totes. Stainless Steel IBCs include Metal IBCs made from 304 grade stainless steel.

However, which IBC material type is best for Ethanol will depend on the concentration and NFPA fire rating of the Ethanol solution. Pure Ethanol is rated as a Class IB Flammable with a closed cup flash point below 73°F and a boiling point at or above 100°F.

For pure Ethanol, stainless steel IBC containers are recommended as the metal alloy tank is better suited for Class 1 flammables.

For mixtures or diluted Ethanol solutions, rigid plastic IBC containers are recommended as they are long-term compatible and lower in cost compared to metal IBCs. Compatibility tests for Ethanol and high-density polyethylene indicate no reactivity after 30 months of exposure to 40% and 100% solutions, both at 70°F and 140°F.

Composite model poly caged totes can be used for Ethanol solutions but have a thinner sidewall compared to rigid plastic IBCs and will likely have a shorter service life and are perhaps better suited to one-way, single-use shipments.

• Ineos® High-Density Polyethylene Chemical Compatibility Chart: here
• CP Lab Safety® Stainless Steel Chemical Compatibility Chart: here

*Note! The information is presented in recommendation ONLY! IBC Tanks® does not warrant (expressed or implied) that information in provided reference charts is accurate or complete or that any material is suitable for any purpose. Information is provided based on a “to-best-of-knowledge” basis and manufacturer details. Chemical compatibility inquiries are always best addressed to the supplier of the chemical in question.

Yes, polyethylene IBC tote tanks can be used, and are frequently used, in the handling, dispensing, and UN/DOT approved transport of hydrochloric acid solutions.

Compatibility

Concerning compatibility, hydrochloric acid (HCl, muriatic acid, UN placard 1789) solutions up to 37% concentration are rated as chemically compatible with high-density polyethylene (HDPE), the material that plastic IBC containers are fabricated from.

For HCl IBC tote gaskets and components, Viton (FKM) material gaskets and PVC / CPVC valves are recommended.

Metal IBCs, both carbon and stainless steel, should not be used for hydrochloric acid due to incompatibility and concerns with hydrogen gas generation.

Chemical Weight

Concerning HCl weight, most plastic IBC tote tanks are engineered to handle liquids up to 1.9 specific gravity. The high specific gravity rating approves an IBC’s use with fluids that weigh up to 15.8 lbs/gal or 1.9 kg/ltr. Concentrated HCl can have a specific gravity around 1.19 SG. This means a 1.9 SG poly IBC is more than suited for handling HCl weight.

Dispensing

Concerning HCl dispensing, hydrochloric acid solutions can be dispensed directly from the IBC tote valve or through the use of an inline pump and plumbing.

HCl Vapors

Concerning HCl vapors, concentrated hydrochloric acid can actively generate vapors that may need to be mitigated depending on the application and overseeing regulations. IBC totes feature an automatic, self-regulating pressure relief vent that will prevent internal pressure buildup in the IBC. In the event the HCl and IBC tote application requires fume mitigation, a custom fume scrubber should be incorporated for vapor control and compliance.

Containment

Concerning HCl containment, concentrated HCl solutions are corrosive and potentially hazardous, making spill containment and accidental release protocols recommended and oftentimes necessary. For HCl IBC totes that will be directly used onsite, the IBC is recommended to be kept on a dedicated spill pallet or containment unit.

*Note! The information is presented in recommendation ONLY! IBC Tanks® does not warrant (expressed or implied) that information provided is complete or that any material is suitable for any purpose. Information is provided based on a “to-best-of-knowledge” basis and manufacturer details. Chemical compatibility inquiries are always best addressed to the supplier of the chemical in question.